Northland labour day trading hours

Northland labour day trading hours

Author: nickita Date: 28.05.2017

The electricity sector in New Zealand uses mainly renewable energy sources such as hydropowergeothermal power and increasingly wind energy. Electricity demand has grown by an average of 2. Regulation of the electricity market is the responsibility of the Electricity Authority formerly the Electricity Commission. Electricity lines businesses, including Transpower and the distribution lines companies, are regulated by the Commerce Commission. Control is also exerted by the Minister of Energy in the New Zealand Cabinetthough the Minister for State-Owned Enterprises and the Minister for Climate Change also have some powers by virtue of their positions and policy influence in the government.

northland labour day trading hours

Initial use of electricity in New Zealand was associated with mining. The first industrial hydro-electric power plant was established at Bullendale in Otago into provide power for a 20 stamp battery at the Phoenix mine. The plant used water from the nearby Skippers Creek, a tributary of the Shotover River. Reefton on the West Coast became the first electrified city in after the Reefton Power Station was commissioned, while the first sizable power station was built for the Waihi gold mines at Horahora on the Waikato River.

This set a precedent that was to dominate New Zealand's electricity generation, with hydropower becoming and remaining the dominant source. While industrial use quickly took off, it was only government programmes in the first two thirds of the 20th century that caused private demand to climb strongly as well.

Rural areas were particular beneficiaries of subsidies for electrical grid systems, where supply was provided to create demand, with the intention of modernising the countryside. In fact, the 'load building' programmes were so successful that shortages started to occur from on, though a large number of new power stations built in the s enabled supply to catch up again.

After the massive construction programmes had created a substantial supply of energy not dependent on international fossil fuel prices, New Zealand became less frugal with its energy use.

Based on this economic comparison, in it was the second-least energy-efficient country out of 41 OECD countries. All of the government's energy assets originally came under the Public Works Department. Fromthe management of generation and transmission came under a new department, the State Hydro-Electric Department SHDrenamed in as the New Zealand Electricity Department NZED.

Inthe Electricity Division of the Ministry of Energy assumed responsibility for electricity generation, transmission, policy advice and regulation. New Zealand's electrical energy generation, previously state-owned as in most countries, was corporatised, deregulated and partly sold off over the last two decades of the twentieth century, following a model typical in the Western world. However, much of the generation and retail sectors, as well as the entire transmission sector, remains under government ownership as state-owned enterprises.

The Fourth Labour Government corporatised the Electricity Division as a State Owned Enterprise inas the Electricity Corporation of New Zealand ECNZwhich traded for a period as Electricorp. The Fourth National Government went further with the Energy Companies Actrequiring EPBs and MEDs to become commercial companies in charge of distribution and retailing. InECNZ's transmission business was split off as Transpower. InECNZ was split again, with a new separate generation business, Contact Energybeing formed.

The Fourth National Government privatised Contact Energy in From 1 Aprilthe remainder of ECNZ was split again, with the major assets formed into three new state-owned enterprises Mighty River Power now Mercury EnergyGenesis Energy and Meridian Energy and with the minor assets being sold off. At the same time, local power companies were required to separate distribution and retailing, with the retail side of the business sold off, mainly to generation companies.

New Zealand's previous Labour government introduced a number of measures in the s as part of the vision of New Zealand becoming carbon neutral by[12] [13] and intended to collect levies for greenhouse effect emissions from onwards, to be added to power prices depending on the level of emissions.

On 1 Januarythe energy sector was required to report greenhouse gas emissions under the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme NZETS.

From 1 Julythe energy sector had formal compliance obligations to buy and surrender one emission unit for every two tonnes of reported emissions. As of Decemberthere were 78 energy firms compulsorily registered in the NZETS and five voluntary participants. In Aprilthe Labour Party and the Green Party said if they were to win the general election, they would introduce a single buyer of electricity akin to Pharmac the single buyer of pharmaceutical drugs in New Zealandin order to cut retail costs.

Electricity is traded at a wholesale level in a spot market. The market operation is managed by several service providers under agreements with the Electricity Authority. Generators submit offers bids through a Wholesale Information and Trading System WITS.

Each offer covers a future half-hour period called a trading period and is an offer to generate a specified quantity at that time in return for a nominated price.

The System Operator Transpower uses a scheduling, pricing and dispatch SPD system to rank offers, submitted through WITS, in order of price, and selects the lowest-cost combination of offers bids to satisfy demand. The market pricing principle is known as bid-based security-constrained economic dispatch with nodal prices. The highest-priced bid offered by a generator required to meet demand for a given half-hour sets the spot price for that trading period. Electricity spot prices can vary significantly across trading periods, reflecting factors such as changing demand e.

Spot prices can also vary significantly across locations, reflecting electrical losses and constraints on the transmission system e. InNew Zealand generated 42, gigawatt-hours GWh of electricity with hydroelectricity making up just over half of this.

Note that some power stations can use more than one fuel, so their capacity see below table has been split in line with the amount of electricity generated by each fuel. There are three major hydroelectric schemes in the South Island: WaitakiClutha and Manapouri. Waitaki has three distinct parts — the original Waitaki and Tekapo A powerhouses and respectivelythe s Lower Waitaki development consisting of Benmore and Aviemoreand the —80s Upper Waitaki development of Tekapo B and Ohau A, B, and C.

Both Waitaki and Manapouri are operated by Meridian Energy. The Clutha River scheme is operated by Contact Energy, and consists of two powerhouses: The North Island has two major schemes: The Tongariro Power Scheme consists of water taken from the catchments of the Whangaehu, Rangitikei, Whanganui and Tongariro Rivers passing through two powerhouses Tokaanu and Rangipo before being deposited in Lake Taupo.

Other smaller hydroelectricity facilities and schemes are scattered around both islands of mainland New Zealand. Hydroelectric schemes have largely shaped hinterland New Zealand. Towns including MangakinoTurangiTwizel and Otematata originally were founded for workers on the construction of hydroelectric schemes and their families.

The hydroelectric reservoirs of Lake Ruataniwha and Lake Karapiro are world-class rowing venues, with the latter having hosted the and the World Rowing Championships. Other schemes have shaped political New Zealand. In the s, the original plans to raise Lake Manapouri for the Manapouri station were northland labour day trading hours after major protests. Later in the s, protests were made against the money makeover dave ramsey creation of Lake Dunstan behind the Clyde Dam, which would flood the Cromwell Gorge and part of Cromwell township, destroying many fruit orchards and the main swing trading indicators mt4 of Cromwell.

However, the project was given the go ahead and Lake Dunstan was filled in — New Zealand lies on the Pacific Ring of Firecreating favourable geological conditions for the exploitation of geothermal power.

Geothermal fields have been located across New Zealand, but at present, most geothermal power is generated within the Taupo Volcanic Zone — an area in the North Island stretching from Mount Ruapehu in the south to White Island in the north.

The majority of New Zealand's geothermal power is generated north of Lake Taupo. A significant amount of geothermal electricity is also generated near Kawerau in the eastern Woolworths trading hours australia day brisbane of Plenty, and a small amount is generated near Kaikohe in Northland.

Wind is the youngest existing electricity power source in New Zealand and the fastest growing power source.

Northland

Other major wind best simple strategy for binary options trading include Te ApitiWest Wind and White Hill. Wind power in New Zealand shares the difficulties typical to other nations uneven wind strengths, ideal locations often remote from power demand areas. The North Island generates nearly all of New Zealand's fossil-fuelled electricity.

Up until the s, fossil-fuelled stations were small-scale and usually fuelled by coal or coal by-products, providing electricity to cities yet to be connected to hydro schemes and to provide additional support to such schemes. The discovery of natural gas off the Taranaki coast, and the oil crises of the s, saw oil-fueled stations converted to gas operation or mothballed, while gas-fired stations proliferated, especially in Taranaki and Auckland, well into the s.

Only in recent years has coal made a comeback, as Taranaki gas has slowly depleted. Today, there are three major fossil-fuelled stations in New Zealand.

Smaller gas- and coal-fuelled industrial generators are found across New Zealand and especially in Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, and Taranaki. Diesel-fuelled generation using internal combustion engines is popular in hinterland New Zealand where the national network doesn't reach, such as on offshore islands, alpine huts, sparsely populated areas and isolated homes and farm sheds.

Diesel fuel suitable for generators is readily available across the country at petrol stations — diesel is not taxed at the petrol pump in New Zealand, and instead diesel-powered vehicles pay Road User Charges based on their gross tonnage and distance travelled. As of none of the power generators appear to be committed to the construction of any new fossil-fuelled power stations.

Both the proposed Rodney Power Station Genesis Energy near Helensville and nifty index options charts proposed Otahuhu Power Station C plant Contact Energy have resource consents. New Zealand is considered to have abundant marine energy resources, although these are yet to be tapped.

The Kaipara Tidal Power Station is being developed in the Kaipara Harbour and marine current projects in Cook Strait are under consideration. The Aotearoa Wave and Tidal Energy Association was established by firms and people interested in promoting New Zealand marine energy.

Despite popular belief, it is not illegal under New Zealand's nuclear-free legislation to build or operate a nuclear power station — the legislation covers only nuclear-propelled ships, nuclear explosive devices and radioactive waste. The only significant proposal for a nuclear power station in New Zealand was the Oyster Point Power Station, on the Kaipara Harbour near Kaukapakapa north of Auckland.

Inthe plans were dropped as the discovery of Maui gas meant there was no immediate need to embark on a nuclear programme. The national grid is owned, operated and maintained by state-owned enterprise Transpower New Zealand. The first major transmission lines were built in —14, connecting the Horahora hydro station to Waikinoand Coleridge hydro station with Addington in Christchurch. Bythe transmission network stretched from Whangarei to Wellington in the North Island, and Christchurch to Greymouth and Invercargill in the South Island.

Nelson and Marlborough, the last regions, joined the national grid yorkie puppies for sale in illinois cheap The two islands were joined together by the HVDC Inter-Island link in These lines connect the larger cities and power users with the major power stations.

These stations include Otahuhu and Penrose in Auckland, WhakamaruWairakei and Bunnythorpe in the central North Island, Haywards in Wellington, Islington and Bromley in Christchurch, and Twizel and Benmore in the Waitaki Valley. The grid today has ageing infrastructure, and increasing demand is placing significant loads on some parts of the network.

Transpower is currently upgrading existing lines and substations to ensure supply security. Investments in new transmission are now regulated by the Commerce Commission. The HVDC Inter-Island scheme is New Zealand's only high voltage direct current HVDC system, and links the North and South Island grids together.

Inthe control system of the original scheme was modified to allow power to be sent in the reverse direction, from Haywards to Benmore.

The HVDC link provides North Island consumers with access to the South Island's large hydro generation capacity, which may be important for the North Island during peak winter periods. For South Island consumers, the HVDC link provides how to make money wow 5.2 to the North Island's thermal generation capacity, which is important for the South Island during dry periods.

Without the HVDC link, more generation would be needed in both the North and South Islands. In addition, the HVDC link is essential for the electricity market, as it allows generators in the North and South Islands to compete, putting downward pressure on prices and minimising the need to invest in costly new generating stations. The HVDC link also plays an important part in allowing renewable energy sources to be managed between the two islands.

Inthe original mercury-arc equipment was paralleled to create a single pole Pole 1and a new thyristor-based pole Pole 2 was commissioned alongside it. The mercury-arc valve converter equipment was partially decommissioned inand fully decommissioned in August Replacement thyristor converter stations to be known as Pole 3 entered into service on 30 May Further work to Pole 2 will bring the link's capacity to MW by the end of the year.

Electricity from Transpower's national grid is distributed to local lines companies and large industrial users via grid exit points GXPs at locations. Large industrial companies, such as New Zealand Steel at Glenbrook, the Tasman Pulp and Paper Mill at Kawerau, and the Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter near Bluff, draw directly from Transpower substations and not the local lines companies' local grids.

Distribution of electricity to local consumers is the responsibility of one of about 30 local line companies. Each company supplies electricity to a set geographic area based on the grid exit points they draw from. Sub-transmission voltages are stepped down to distribution voltage at zone substations. Subtransmission and distribution voltages differ from area to area.

Distribution voltage lines run from zone substations or the grid exit point to the streets of consumers, and to some large local businesses, such as supermarkets, schools, large farms. Three phase power is available in all urban and most rural areas. Single phase supply utilising only two phases or single wire earth return systems are used in outlying and remote rural areas with light loads.

New Zealand's national electricity network covers the majority of both the North and South Islands. Waiheke IslandNew Zealand's most populous offshore island, is supplied electricity from Vector's Auckland sub-transmission network via submarine cables between Maraetai and the island.

Many other schemes exist on offshore islands that have permanent or temporary habitation, mostly generators or small renewable systems. The smelter effectively has the Manapouri power station as a dedicated power generator to supply it.

High-profile grid failures have occurred in Auckland relating to its ageing and overloading network. In Junethe seven-hour Auckland Blackout occurred when a corroded shackle at Otahuhu broke in strong winds and subsequently blacked out much of inner Auckland.

In Octobera three-hour blackout of northern Auckland and Northland occurred after a shipping container forklift accidentally hit the only major line supplying the region. A major failure of distribution systems occurred in the Auckland power crisis — two year-old cables connecting Penrose and Auckland's central business district failed in January to February during unseasonally hot weather, causing strain on the two newer remaining cables, which subsequently failed on 20 February and plunged central Auckland into darkness.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Energy in New Zealand. New Zealand electricity market. List of power stations in New Zealand. Hydroelectric power in New Zealand. Geothermal power in New Zealand.

northland labour day trading hours

Wind power in New Zealand. National Grid New Zealand. Retrieved 6 October New Zealand Historic Places Trust. Retrieved 6 April Archived from the original on 11 August Retrieved 4 April Archived from the original on 19 April Retrieved 8 January The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 26 November Speech notes for launch of NZ Energy Strategy.

New Zealand Climate change information. Ministry for the Environment. Archived from the original on 11 March Retrieved 15 June The energy sector won't receive an allocation of NZUs because they'll be able to pass the costs of their ETS obligations on to their customers.

Power plan will boost economy". Contact shares continue to plummet". Archived from the original on 29 August Retrieved 24 December Retrieved 15 January Retrieved 27 May New Zealand Geothermal Association. Archived from the original on 2 February Retrieved 17 January Archived from the original on 25 May Retrieved 26 July Retrieved 28 January Archived from the original PDF on 11 June Retrieved 24 April Chapter 6 — Grid Backbone" PDF. Retrieved 5 April Retrieved 8 May Retrieved 12 May Retrieved 29 September Transpower New Zealand Limited.

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